When the Boeing 777 first took
wing, it carried with it basic and applied research, technology, and
aerodynamic knowledge honed at several NASA field centers. The precedent-setting
777 was built to handle medium- to long-range passenger flights and
is the largest twin-engine jet to be manufactured today. First passenger-carrying
flights began in May 1995. According to Boeing Company estimates, the
777 fleet has captured three-quarters of new orders for airplanes in
its class since the program was launched.
In May 1996, the first Boeing 777 stopped by Langley Research Center
as a salute to NASA's involvement in its creation. Several Langley
innovations were instrumental in the development of the aircraft,
such as:
- fundamental mathematical procedures for computer-generated airflow
images which allowed advanced computer-based aerodynamic analysis;
- wind tunnel tests, confirming the structural integrity of 777
wing-airframe integration in Langley's Transonic Aerodynamics Tunnel.
Use of the facility was reimbursed to NASA by Boeing;
- knowledge of how to reduce engine and other noise for passengers
and terminal area residents;
- radial tires that are used on the aircraft underwent strength
and durability testing at Langley's Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility;
- and increased use of lightweight aerospace composite structures
for increased fuel efficiency and range. The 777's floor beams,
flaps and tail make use of lightweight composites.
At Marshall Space Flight Center, results from tests aimed at improving
the performance of NASA's Space Shuttle engines led to improvements
in the Boeing 777's new, more efficient jet engines. Working with Pratt
& Whitney, the U.S. aircraft and rocket engine provider, NASA engineers
conducted evaluations of wake patterns flowing through the plane's turbine
engine airfoils. Data taken proved useful in obtaining better turbine
efficiency, as well as realizing substantial fuel savings.
Boeing 777 inlet, hinge and strut blankets were quilted with either
stainless steel or ceramic thread. These blankets protected areas
of the plane from high temperatures and fire. Fostered by Ames Research
Center, the Boeing 777 blankets have a lineage to Advanced Flexible
Reusable Surface Insulation (AFRSI) used on certain areas of the Space
Shuttle.
Several other areas benefited from NASA and Boeing collaboration.
Langley had contracted with Boeing, for example, to design and validate
a digital flight control system for fly-by-wire and fly-by-light/power-by-wire
applications. In developing the digital fly-by-wire system, researchers
utilized the Apollo guidance, navigation and control hardware as the
primary digital system. Fly-by-wire systems for control of wing and
tail surfaces replace bulkier and heavier pulley and cable systems
on the 777.
The Boeing 777's modern glass cockpit is a system that uses computer
technology to integrate information and display it on monitors in
easy-to-use format. Research was undertaken on the challenge of maintaining
a pilot's situational awareness during flight operations. The evolution
of the highly automated glass cockpit, particularly in commercial
aircraft, has roots at Langley Research Center.
Glenn Research Center has long-standing partnerships with the General
Electric Aircraft Engines and Pratt & Whitney in long-term research
projects, such as the Energy Efficient Engine. These have resulted
in technologies that increase engine efficiency, reduce engine noise
and reduce harmful emissions. The technology base has been applied
in the GE90 and PW4084 turbofan engines that power the new twin-engine
Boeing 777.
Taken as a whole, NASA contributions in fundamental research and
technologies proved meaningful to 777 development. Together, industry
and government skills and abilities melded, jointly contributing to
the airplane's operating efficiency, passenger service, environmental
compatibility and safety.